Pain in older adults with dementia: Brazilian validation of Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia (PIMD) / Dor em idosos com demência: validação da versão brasileira do instrumento Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia (PIMD)

Abstract Background Although there are several ways to assess pain in dementia, there is still a need for tools with better items to assess the presence of pain intensity in these individuals. Objective To validate to Brazilian version of the "Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia - PIMD-p. Methods Older adults, all demented with impaired verbal communication and exposed to potentially painful situations, were selected from an outpatient clinic and long-term care facility (LTCF). The PIMD-p was applied independently by 2 researchers (E1 and E2) on the same day. Within 14 days, the instrument was reapplied by one of the 2 researchers (E3). The pain intensity reported by participants' caregivers and LTCF nurses were recorded on a verbal numeric pain scale. For the statistical analysis, Cronbach's Alpha, Spearman's Coefficient and intraclass correlation Index were calculated. Results A total of 50 older individuals were selected (mean age 86 years), majority with musculoskeletal pain. The PIMD-p demonstrated good internal consistency according to Cronbach's α (0.838), excellent intra and interobserver reproducibility (0.927 and 0.970, respectively; p < 0.001), and convergent validity (strong significant correlations between reported pain intensities and pain indicators on the PIMD-p (except for expressive eyes; corr = 0.106 and p = 0.462). A ROC curve was plotted to determine the best cut-off for the PIMD-P, and a score of 7.5 predicted moderate-to-severe pain, with 77.8% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity (p < 0.001). Conclusion The PIMD-p showed satisfactory psychometric properties for measuring intensity of pain in demented older adults with impaired verbal communication.

Resumo Antecedentes Embora existam várias formas de estimar a dor na demência ainda há necessidade de ferramentas com melhores itens para avaliação da presença e intensidade da dor nesses indivíduos. Objetivo Analisar as propriedades psicométricas de uma ferramenta de avaliação da dor em idosos dementados, a "Pain Intensity Measure for Persons with Dementia Portuguese - PIMD-p". Métodos Idosos expostos a situações potencialmente dolorosas, sendo esses dementados e com prejuízo na comunicação verbal, foram selecionados em uma unidade ambulatorial e uma instituição de longa permanência, em São Paulo. A PIMD-p foi aplicada por 2 pesquisadores (E1 e E2), de forma separada, num mesmo dia, e, com intervalo de no máximo 14 dias, essa foi reaplicada por apenas um deles (E3), e ainda, foi obtida a intensidade álgica inferida pelos cuidadores dos idosos participantes. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o Alfa de Cronbach, o Coeficiente de Spearman e o Índice de Correlação Intraclasses. Resultados Selecionada uma amostra de 50 idosos com média de idade de 86 anos, a maioria portadora de demência moderada e de dor de origem musculoesquelética. Apuradas para a PIMD-p uma boa consistência interna, segundo o alfa Cronbach (0,838); excelentes reprodutibilidades intra e interobservador (0,927 e 0,970, respectivamente; p < 0,001); e uma validade convergente, essa última obtida com as fortes e significativas correlações entre as intensidades dolorosas inferidas e os indicadores de dor do instrumento em estudo (exceto para o indicador "olhar expressivo"; corr = 0,106 e p = 0,462). Conclusão A PIMD-p se mostrou ser uma ferramenta com propriedades de medida adequadas para avaliar a presença e intensidade álgicas em idosos com demência e com prejuízo na comunicação verbal.

A avaliação e registo da dor no serviço de urgência: um estudo transversal

Resumo: Introdução: A dor constitui-se como o principal motivo de procura de cuidados de saúde no serviço de urgência. Os enfermeiros têm um papel essencial na promoção e intervenção no controlo da dor dado serem profissionais com uma relação privilegiada com as pessoas. Objetivo: Descrever como foi avaliada e registada a dor na área de ambulatório de um serviço de urgência geral pela equipa de enfermagem. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. Foram analisados os registos de avaliação da dor de 105 pessoas. Procedeu-se à análise dos dados utilizando estatística descritiva. Resultados: A dor foi avaliada em 53 episódios (50,48 %). A Escala de Avaliação Numérica foi o instrumento mais utilizado (43,81 %). As características da dor foram descritas em 39,05 % dos episódios. Em 1,90 % dos episódios houve registo de reavaliação da dor após implementação de medidas farmacológicas. Conclusão: A avaliação da dor foi subnotificada nas diferentes dimensões descritas no estudo. Neste sentido, torna-se essencial a definição de estratégias para a formação e treino dos enfermeiros sobre avaliação da dor.

Resumen: Introducción: El dolor es el principal motivo de búsqueda de atención sanitaria en un servicio de urgencias. Las enfermeras tienen un papel crucial en la promoción e intervención en el control del dolor, ya que son profesionales con una relación privilegiada con las personas. Objetivo: Describir cómo el equipo de enfermería valoró y registró el dolor en el área de menores de un servicio de Urgencias. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se analizaron los registros de valoración del dolor de 105 personas. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El dolor fue evaluado en 53 episodios (50,48 %). La Escala Numérica fue el instrumento más utilizado (43,81 %). Las características del dolor se describieron en el 39,05 % de los episodios. En el 1,90 % de las crisis se registró una reevaluación del dolor tras la aplicación de medidas farmacológicas. Conclusiones: La evaluación del dolor fue subestimada en las dimensiones presentadas en el estudio. Por ello, es imprescindible definir estrategias para la educación y formación de las enfermeras en la valoración del dolor.

Abstract: Introduction: Pain is the main reason for seeking healthcare in an emergency service. Nurses have a crucial role in promoting and intervening in pain control as they are professionals with a privileged relationship with people. Objective: Describe how the nursing team assessed and recorded pain in the minor's area of an Accident and Emergency service. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The pain assessment records of 105 people were analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results: Pain was assessed in 53 episodes (50.48 %). The Numerical Rating Scale was the most used instrument (43.81 %). The characteristics of pain were described in 39.05 % of the episodes. In 1.90 % of the attacks, there was a record of pain reassessment after implementing pharmacological measures. Conclusion: Pain assessment was underreported in the different dimensions described in the study. Thus, it is essential to define strategies for the education and training of nurses on pain assessment.

Assessment of The Addition of Epinephrine to Intra-articular Bupivacaine for the Control of Acute Pain in Patients underwent to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Avaliação da adição da epinefrina à bupivacaína intra-articular no controle da dor aguda em pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior

Abstract Objective To evaluate postoperative pain, using the visual analog scale (VAS), in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and receiving intra-articular anesthetic solutions. Methods The present is a randomized clinical trial with a sample of 48 patients divided into 4 groups: Group I (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution (control); Group II (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group III (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine; and Group IV (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine. These solutions were injected into the knee at the end of the surgery. Pain was assessed using the VAS immediately and 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. Results The VAS scores were highly variable among the groups. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), considering a level of significance of 5%, revealed that all intra-articular anesthetic solutions influenced the assessment of pain (p » 0.003), and that Group-III subjects presented less postoperative pain. There was no evidence of a higher or lower use of supplemental analgesic agents, or of adverse effects resulting from these anesthetic solutions. Conclusion Bupivacaine combined with epinephrine was the most effective solution for pain control in patients undergoing ACLR, but with no statistically significant differences when compared to Group II (p » 0.547). There was no decrease or increase in the use of supplemental analgesics or in the occurrence of adverse systemic effects (p > 0.05).

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar primariamente a dor pós-operatória, por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA), nos pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) que receberam soluções anestésicas intra-articulares (IAs). Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado com uma amostra de 48 pacientes, divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo I (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica (controle); Grupo II (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5%; Grupo III (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5% þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina; e Grupo IV (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina, injetados no joelho ao término da cirurgia. A dor foi avaliada pela EVA imediatamente e 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas após o procedimento. Resultados Observou-se grande variabilidade nos resultados da EVA entre os pacientes avaliados em cada grupo. Verificou-se, pela análise de variância (analysis of variance, ANOVA) de Kruskal-Wallis, considerando um nível de 5% de significância, que as soluções anestésicas IAs de cada grupo influenciaram na avaliação da dor desses pacientes (p » 0,003), sendo os do Grupo III os que apresentaram menor dor pósoperatória. Não se evidenciou um maior ou menor consumo de drogas analgésicas suplementares, ou efeitos adversos das decorrentes das soluções empregadas. Conclusão A solução combinada de bupivacaína e epinefrina foi a mais eficaz no controle da dor nos pacientes submetidos a RLCA, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas com relação ao grupo II (p » 0,547). Não se observou diminuição ou aumento no consumo de analgésicos suplementares, ou o aparecimento de efeitos sistêmicos adversos (p > 0,05).

Study on parents′ proxy-assessment post-operative pain intensity of orthopedic children / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate parents′ proxy-assessment post-operative pain intensity of orthopedic children, and to analyze the relevant influencing factors.Methods:Using the purposive sampling method, 200 children and their parents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were mainly selected in pediatric orthopedics of Children′s Hospital of Soochow University from August to December in 2020. A general information questionnaire and the Wong-Baker Facial Pain Rating Scale (WBFP) were used to survey.Results:One hundred and ninety-five questionnaires were effectively recovered. Nearly 44.6%(87/195) and 28.7%(56/195), 36.9%(72/195) and 5.1%(10/195), 8.2%(16/195) and 1.0%(2/195) of parents reported (using WBFP Rating Scale) moderate to severe pain intensity of 1 d, 2 d and 3 d after surgery and the Cohen′s Kappa coefficient with child′s self-report which ranged from 0.556 to 0.631 were all higher than child-nurse (Cohen′s Kappa coefficient ranged from 0.318 to 0.406). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that using painkillers by children entered in the regression equation, which could explain the variation of 13.5% ( R 2=0.135). Conclusions:The self-report of the children was in good agreement with the assessment of the pain intensity by the parental agent, and the assessment of the pain intensity was affected by the painkillers used by the children. Therefore, medical institutions and personnel should create a supportive environment that values the positive role of parents to promote the management of children′s post-operative pain.

Rebalancing thoraco-abdominal method does not increase immediate pain assessed by Neonatal Infant Pain Scale: a randomized clinical trial / O método reequilíbrio tóraco-abdominal não aumenta a dor avaliada pela Neonatal Infant Pain Scale: estudo clínico randomizado

Objective: To compare in neonates with transitory tachypnea if chest rebalancing thoraco-abdominal method (RTA) increased immediate pain. Methods: This was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Forty-nine neonates with transitory tachypnea and aged < 72 hours were included to receive either conventional physiotherapy (CP) or RTA method. Participants received usual care and one 15- minute session of chest physiotherapy. Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), peripheral oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, axillary temperature before and after chest physiotherapy were recorded. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mc Nemar test were used to compare differences between measures. The relative risk (RR) for pain after interventions was calculated using a Poisson regression model (robust estimation). A significance level of 5% (p < 0.05) was adopted for all analyses. Results: RTA was not associated to pain. After chest physiotherapy, NIPS reduced (2 versus 3, p < 0.001) and number of neonates with pain reduced (10.2% versus 28.6%, p = 0.02). RR for pain after chest physiotherapy in comparison to before was 0.3 (95% CI 0.15-0.41; p = 0.02); respiratory frequency decreased after chest physiotherapy (58 versus 70, p < 0.001) and peripheral oxygen saturation increased (98% versus 96%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In neonates with transitory tachypnea, in the first 72 hours of life, RTA did not influence pain evaluation, chest physiotherapy was safe and reduced immediate pain. (AU)

Objetivo: Comparar em recém-nascidos com taquipneia transitória se o método reequilíbrio tóraco-abdominal (RTA) aumentou a dor imediatamente após. Métodos: Estudo de ensaio clínico randomizado. Quarenta e nove recémnascidos com diagnóstico de taquipneia transitória com menos de 72 horas de vida, foram incluídos para receber fisioterapia respiratória. Os participantes receberam os cuidados usuais e uma sessão de fisioterapia convencional ou do método reequilíbrio tóraco-abdominal. Foram registradas a escala NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale), a saturação periférica de oxigênio, a frequência cardíaca, a frequência respiratória e a temperatura axilar antes e depois da fisioterapia. Para as comparações entre as medidas, foram utilizados o teste de ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste de McNemar. O risco relativo de dor após os procedimentos foi calculado usando o modelo de regressão de Poisson (estimação robusta). Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% para todas as análises (p < 0,05). Resultados: O método RTA não foi associado a dor. Após a fisioterapia respiratória, a escala NIPS reduziu (2 versus 3, p < 0,001) e a proporção de recém-nascidos com dor também reduziu (10,2% versus 28,6%, p = 0,02). O risco relativo de dor após a fisioterapia respiratória em comparação a antes, foi de 0,3 (IC 95% 0,15-0,41; p = 0,02), a frequência respiratória diminuiu (58 versus 70, p < 0,001) e a saturação periférica de oxigênio aumentou (98% versus 96%, p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em recém-nascidos com taquipneia transitória nas primeiras 72 horas de vida, o método RTA não influenciou a avaliação da dor, a fisioterapia respiratória foi segura e reduziu a dor imediatamente após. (AU)

Delayed onset muscle soreness intensity affects muscular performance / El Dolor muscular de aparición tardía afecta el desempeño muscular

Abstract Background: The study of functional impact of delayed onset muscle soreness has been limited to describe the decline on maximal isometric contraction, but muscular work and time to peak torque has not been examined yet. Purpose: To describe the changes induced by a session of lengthening contractions on muscle performance and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Institutional laboratory; Twenty healthy men; mean age 21 SD 0.34 were recruited, all subjects performed 200 lengthening contractions of the quadriceps at 120°/s. Isometric and isokinetic peak torque, muscular work, time to peak torque, DOMS and creatine kinase activity were assessed at baseline, 48 h and 96 h post-exercise. The muscle performance was assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer and DOMS with a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Relative to baseline, isometric and isokinetic peak torque and muscular work decreased in ~30% at 48 h post-exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness increased ~300%, which remained at 96 h post-exercise. Conclusions: These reflect that the decline in muscular performance is due to the changes in peak torque and muscular work, which has greater implications on muscle function. No changes were detected in time to peak torque. The alterations in muscular performance variables are accompanied by delayed onset muscle soreness which has also a negative impact on force production (29% of the drop on peak torque is explain by soreness intensity).

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios de impacto funcional del dolor muscular de aparición tardía (DMAT) se han limitado a describir la disminución de la contracción isométrica máxima, pero aún no se ha examinado el trabajo muscular y el tiempo del torque máximo. Objetivo: Describir los cambios inducidos por una sesión de ejercicio excéntrico sobre el rendimiento muscular y DMAT. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, los participantes fueron veinte hombres sanos; edad media 21 DE 0,34, todos los sujetos realizaron 200 contracciones excéntricas del cuádriceps a 120°/s. Se evaluó el torque pico isométrico e isocinético, el trabajo muscular, el tiempo hasta el torque máximo, DMAT y la actividad de la creatina quinasa al inicio, 48 h y 96 h después del ejercicio, el rendimiento muscular se evaluó con un dinamómetro isocinético y DOMS con una escala análoga visual (EAV). Resultados: en relación con la línea de base, el torque pico isométrico e isocinético y el trabajo muscular disminuyeron en ~ 30 % a las 48 h post-ejercicio; El dolor muscular de aparición tardía aumentó ~300 %, que permaneció 96 h después del ejercicio. Conclusiones: los resultados reflejan que la disminución del rendimiento muscular se debe a los cambios en el torque pico y trabajo muscular, lo que tiene mayores implicaciones en la función muscular. No se detectaron cambios en el tiempo hasta el torque máximo. Las alteraciones en las variables de rendimiento muscular se acompañan de DMAT que también tiene un impacto negativo en la producción de fuerza (el 29 % de la caída en el torque máximo se explica por la intensidad del dolor).

Post-Marketing Surveillance of Qishe Pill () Use for Management of Neck Pain in a Chinese Patient Cohort to Determine its Safety, Tolerability and Effectiveness / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Qishe Pill () on neck pain in real-world clinical practice.@*METHODS@#A multi-center, prospective, observational surveillance in 8 hospitals across Shanghai was conducted. During patients receiving 4-week Qishe Pill medication, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) assessments have been used to assess their pain and function, while safety monitoring have been observed after 2 and 4 weeks.@*RESULTS@#Results from 2,023 patients (mean age 54.5 years) suggest that the drug exposure per unit of body mass was estimated at 3.41 ± 0.62 g/kg. About 8.5% (172/2,023) of all participants experienced adverse events (AEs), while 3.8% (78/2,023) of all participants experienced adverse reaction. The most common AEs were gastrointestinal events and respiratory events. The VAS score (pain) and NDI score (function) significantly decreased after 4-week treatment. An effect-quantitative analysis was also conducted to show that the normal clinical dosage may be consider as 3-4 g/kg, at which dosage the satisfactory pain-relief effect may achieve by 40-mm reduction in VAS.@*CONCLUSION@#These findings showed that patients with cervical radiculopathy who received Qishe Pill experienced significant improvement on pain and function. (Registration No. NCT01875562).

Doctors’ knowledge and attitudes on pain assessment and management in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

@#Introduction: Doctors play an important role to assess and manage pain. Failing to do so properly, pain will affect the quality of life and increase the length of hospital stay for patients. In Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, pain assessment and management programs have been conducted on a regular basis. However, there has been no studies to assess the effectiveness of these programs. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study to assess the knowledge and attitude on pain assessment and management among medical officers at QEH. A universal sampling technique was used, to represent medical officers from major clinical departments. The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP) questionnaire was used for this study. Results: A total of 278 questionnaires were distributed to medical officers. The study sample consisted of 125 females (44.9%), and 153 males (55.1%). The age group of the participants ranged from 25 to 41 years old. A 116 respondents scored less than 60% on the knowledge of pain (41.7%). These findings show there was a deficit in their knowledge and attitude about pain. There was also a difference of scores between genders, where the male doctors performed better than the female doctors. There was a difference between scores among doctors from different departments. The highest mean score was from the department of Anaesthesia (80.2%). There was also a difference regarding pain knowledge based on the years of working as a doctor, where the highest passing rate was from doctors working for more than five years. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is a lack of knowledge and attitude on pain assessment and management among QEH medical officers who responded to this study. This will support the plan on a more aggressive and continuous education programme to improve pain assessment and management among doctors in QEH.

Dor em recém-nascidos hospitalizados em unidade de terapia intensiva: aspectos fisiológicos, comportamentais e endócrinos / Pain in newborns hospitalized in an intensive care unit: physiological, behavioral and endocrine aspects

Introdução: recém-nascidos (RN), que passam semanas ou meses na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN), são submetidos a um número elevado de procedimentos dolorosos. Estes procedimentos podem desencadear uma resposta global, que inclui alterações fisiológicas, endócrinas e comportamentais. Apesar do grande número de escalas validadas nas últimas décadas, até o momento, não existe um método ideal para a avaliação da dor neonatal. Desta forma, outros parâmetros têm sido explorados, como por exemplo, as dosagens de mediadores inflamatórios. Objetivos: avaliar padrões fisiológicos, comportamentais e endócrinos, relacionados a procedimentos dolorosos, nos primeiros três dias de vida em RN, hospitalizados em UTIN. Método: estudo clínico primário, observacional e prospectivo, desenvolvido na UTIN do Hospital Universitário, da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram coletados dados demográficos dos RN, bem como do número e o tipo de procedimentos dolorosos, medidas farmacológicas e não farmacológicas adotadas. Foram coletados ainda sinais vitais e escores de dor registrados em prontuário clínico. Finalmente, foram coletadas três amostras de saliva, por três dias consecutivos (1-3) para a dosagem de 11 citocinas (IFNg, IL1b, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL17, TNF e VEGF). Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 90 RN, dos quais 53,33% nasceram de parto cesárea; 62,22% do sexo masculino; 87,78% classificados como adequado para a idade gestacional (AIG); 48,88% são pré-termo e 48,88% de termo; idade gestacional média de 35 semanas; Escore de Apgar médio no 5°min 7,51 (DP=1,95); peso ao nascimento médio 2,56Kg (DP=1,0); o principal diagnóstico registrado foi desconforto respiratório precoce (60%). Tempo médio de permanência na UTIN foi de 54,98 horas (DP=30,61). Os RN foram submetidos ao total de 2.732 procedimentos dolorosos, foram empregadas 540 estratégias não farmacológicas e 216 medidas farmacológicas. Da admissão ao terceiro dia de internação, foram realizados, em média, 30,36 procedimentos dolorosos por RN, com média de 5,98 medidas não farmacológicas e 2,39 medidas farmacológicas. Nas primeiras 24 horas após a admissão, a média de procedimentos foi de 12,78, no primeiro dia, a média foi de 8,1, no segundo e terceiro dias, a média de procedimentos realizados foi de 5,36 e 3,84, respectivamente. O procedimento doloroso mais frequentemente realizado foi a glicemia capilar (20,96%). Registrou-se média de 1,98 medidas não farmacológicas nas primeiras 24 horas após admissão, 1,73 no primeiro dia, sendo média de 1,23 e 0,97 no segundo e terceiro dias, respectivamente. A estratégia não farmacológica mais comumente registrada foi a redução de luminosidade (28,33%). Com relação às medidas farmacológicas, foram adotadas, em média, 0,81 na admissão, 0,66 no primeiro dia, 0,544 no segundo dia e, 0,36 no terceiro dia, sendo o fentanil contínuo (48,83%) a principal medida farmacológica documentada. O escore NIPS e os sinais vitais apresentam variabilidade da admissão ao terceiro dia de internação. Finalmente, observou-se oscilação do nível das 11 citocinas e, destaca-se a presença de correlação positiva das IL-1b (r = 0,52; p<0,05), IL-2 (r = 0,4; p<0,05), IL-6 (r = 0,64; p<0,05) e VEGF (r = 0,44; p<0,05) com o número de procedimentos dolorosos. Conclusões: evidencia-se que da admissão ao terceiro dia de internação na UTIN, os RN foram expostos a número elevado de procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, sendo insuficiente o manejo da dor. As alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais não refletem necessariamente o número de intervenções nas quais os RN foram submetidos. Destaca-se ainda, que a dosagem dos mediadores inflamatórios nas amostras de saliva pode fornecer fundamentação científica para a avaliação da dor, que juntamente com os parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais, amplia as perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas para investigar a associação entre dor e as citocinas inflamatórias e compreender melhor as características das condições dolorosas.

Introduction: newborns (NB), who spend weeks or months in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), undergo a high number of painful procedures. These procedures can trigger a global response, which includes physiological, endocrine and behavioral changes. Despite the large number of scales validated in recent decades, so far, there is no ideal method for the assessment of neonatal pain. Thus, other parameters have been explored, such as, for example, the dosages of inflammatory mediators. Objectives:to evaluate physiological, behavioral and endocrine patterns, related to painful procedures, in the first three days of life in newborns hospitalized in the NICU. Method: primary, observational and prospective clinical study, developed at the NICU of the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo. Demographic data of newborns were collected, as well as the number and type of painful procedures, pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures adopted. Vital signs and pain scores recorded in clinical records were also collected. Finally, three saliva samples were collected for three consecutive days (1-3) for the measurement of 11 cytokines (IFNg, IL1b, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL17, TNF e VEGF). Results: 90 newborns were included in the study, of which 53.33% were born by cesarean delivery; 62.22% were male; 87.78% classified as adequate for gestational age (AGA);48.88% are preterm and 48.88% term; average gestational age of 35 weeks;Mean Apgar score in the 5th min 7.51 (SD = 1.95); average birth weight 2.56 kg (SD = 1.0); the main diagnosis recorded was early respiratory distress (60%). The average length of stay in the NICU was 54.98 hours (SD = 30.61). The newborns underwent a total of 2,732 painful procedures, 540 non-pharmacological strategies and 216 pharmacological measures were used. From admission to the third day of hospitalization, an average of 30.36 painful procedures per NB were performed,with an average of 5.98 non-pharmacological measures and 2.39 pharmacological measures. In the first 24 hours, after admission, the average of procedures was 12.78, on the first day, the average was 8.1, on the second and third days, the average of the procedures performed was 5.36 and 3.84, respectively. The most frequently performed painful procedure was capillary glycemia (20.96%).An average of 1.98 non-pharmacological measures was recorded in the first 24 hours after admission, 1.73 on the first day, with an average of 1.23 and 0.97 on the second and third days, respectively.The most commonly registered non-pharmacological strategy was the reduction in brightness (28.33%). Regarding pharmacological measures, an average of 0.81 was taken at admission, 0.66 on the first day, 0.544 on the second day and 0.36 on the third day, with continuous fentanyl (48.83%) being the main pharmacological measure documented. The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and vital signs show variability from admission to the third day of hospitalization. Finally, there was an oscillation in the level of the 11 cytokines and the presence of a positive correlation of IL-1b (r = 0.52; p <0.05), IL-2 (r = 0.4; p < 0.05), IL-6 (r = 0.64; p <0.05) and VEGF (r = 0.44; p <0.05), with the number of painful procedures. Conclusions: it is evident that from admission to the third day of hospitalization to the NICU,the NBs were exposed to a high number of potentially painful procedures, with insufficient pain management. Physiological and behavioral changes do not necessarily reflect the number of interventions to which newborns have undergone. It is also noteworthy that the dosage of inflammatory mediators in saliva samples can provide a scientific basis for pain assessment,which, together with the physiological and behavioral parameters, expands the perspectives for the development of new research to investigate the association between pain and inflammatory cytokines and to better understand the characteristics of painful condition

Evaluación del dolor postoperatorio, estandarización de protocolos de actuación, y mejora continua basada en resultados / Evaluation of postoperative pain, standardization of protocols of action, and continuous improvement based on goals and results

Resumen: La valoración del dolor postoperatorio mediante escalas unidimensionales como la escala verbal análoga (EVA), están siendo abandonadas. Actualmente la evaluación se realiza con base a las actividades que, de acuerdo con el tipo de cirugía, el paciente pueda realizar durante las primeras horas del postoperatorio. El tratamiento del dolor requiere de un marco organizativo, que debe incluir el diseño de protocolos de actuación que permitan la mejora continua basada en resultados, de acuerdo con las necesidades de cada hospital. La implementación y planeación de estrategias mediante auditorias internas como el sistema Pain Out, son una base para la gestión de nuevas unidades de dolor agudo (visitehttp://www.painoutmexico.com ) .

Abstract: The assessment of postoperative pain using unidimensional scales such as the verbal analog scale (VAS), are being abandoned. Currently the evaluation is made based on the activities that, according to the type of surgery, the patient can perform during the first hours of postoperative period. The treatment of pain requires an organizational framework, which must include the design of protocols that allow continuous improvement based on results, according to the needs of each hospital. The implementation and planning of strategies through internal audits such as the Pain Out system, are a basis for the management of new units of acute pain (visithttp://www.painoutmexico.com ).

Analgesia Nociception Index: assessment of acute postoperative pain / Índice de Analgesia/Nocicepção: avaliação da dor aguda pós-operatória

Abstract Background and objectives Patient self-rating based scales such as Numerical Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale that is used for postoperative pain assessment may be problematic in geriatric or critically ill patients with communication problems. A method capable of the assessment of pain in objective manner has been searched for years. Analgesia nociception index, which is based on electrocardiographic data reflecting parasympathetic activity, has been proposed for this. In this study we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of analgesia nociception index as a tool for acute postoperative pain assessment. Our hypothesis was that analgesia nociception index may have good correlation with Numerical Rating Scale values. Methods A total of 120 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II undergoing any surgical procedure under halogenated-based anesthesia with fentanyl or remifentanil were enrolled for the study. At the 15th minute of arrival to the Postoperative Care Unit the patients' pain was rated on a 0-10 point Numerical Rating Scale. The patients' heart rate, blood pressure, and analgesia nociception index scores were simultaneously measured at that time. The correlation between analgesia nociception index, heart rate, blood pressure and Numerical Rating Scale was examined. Results The study was completed with 107 patients, of which 46 were males (43%). Mean (SD) analgesia nociception index values were significantly higher in patients with initial Numerical Rating Scale ≤3, compared with Numerical Rating Scale >3 (69.1 [13.4] vs. 58.1 [12.9] respectively, p < 0.001). A significant negative linear relationship (r 2 = -0.312, p = 0.001) was observed between analgesia nociception index and Numerical Rating Scale. Conclusion Analgesia nociception index measurements at postoperative period after volatile agent and opioid-based anesthesia correlate well with subjective Numerical Rating Scale scores.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo As escalas baseadas na autoavaliação de pacientes, como a Escala Visual Numérica e a Escala Visual Analógica, que são usadas para avaliar a dor pós-operatória podem ser problemáticas em pacientes geriátricos ou em estado crítico com problemas de comunicação. Portanto, um método capaz de avaliar a dor de maneira objetiva vem sendo pesquisado há anos. O índice de analgesia/nocicepção, baseado em dados eletrocardiográficos que refletem a atividade parassimpática, tem sido proposto para tal avaliação. Neste estudo, objetivamos investigar a eficácia do índice de analgesia/nocicepção como uma ferramenta para a avaliação da dor pós-operatória aguda. Nossa hipótese foi que o índice de analgesia/nocicepção pode ter boa correlação com os valores da Escala de Classificação Numérica. Métodos Um total de 120 pacientes com estado físico ASA I e II, submetidos a qualquer procedimento cirúrgico com o uso de anestésicos halogenados associados a fentanil ou remifentanil, foi incluído no estudo. No 15º minuto após a chegada à sala de recuperação pós-anestesia, a dor dos pacientes foi avaliada em uma escala numérica de 0-10 pontos. Os escores de frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e o índice de analgesia/nocicepção dos pacientes foram medidos simultaneamente naquele momento. A correlação entre o índice de analgesia/nocicepção, frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e a Escala Visual Numérica foi avaliada. Resultados O estudo foi concluído com 107 pacientes, dos quais 46 eram do sexo masculino (43%). Os valores da média (DP) do índice de analgesia/nocicepção foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com valor inicial na Escala Visual Numérica ≤ 3, em comparação com valor na mesma escala > 3 (69,1 [13,4] vs. 58,1 [12,9], respectivamente, p < 0,001). Uma relação linear negativa significativa (r2 = -0,312, p = 0,001) foi observada entre o índice de analgesia/nocicepção e a Escala Visual Numérica. Conclusão As mensurações do índice de analgesia/nocicepção no pós-operatório após anestesia com agentes halogenados e opioides mostraram boa correlação com os escores subjetivos da Escala Visual Numérica.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic tension-type headache: A pilot study

Background & objectives: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common type of primary headache disorder. Its chronic form is often the most ignored and challenging to treat. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel technique in the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this pilot study was to explore the effect of low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) on pain status in chronic TTH (CTTH) by subjective and objective pain assessment. Methods: Patients (n=30) diagnosed with CTTH were randomized into rTMS (n=15) and placebo (n=15) groups in this study. Pre-intervention detailed history of patients was taken. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for Pain and questionnaires [Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, Coping Strategies Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Test, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and WHO-Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief version] were filled, and objective assessments such as nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and conditioned pain modulation were done. The tests were repeated after 20 sessions (5 days/week). In the rTMS group, 1200 pulses in eight trains of 150 pulses each were given at 1Hz over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC). In the placebo group, the rTMS coil was placed such that magnetic stimulation did not reach the cortex. Results: The NRS score decreased significantly (P<0.001) and NFR thresholds increased significantly (P=0.011) in the rTMS group when compared to placebo group. Interpretation & conclusions: Subjective improvements in the NRS, HIT-6, McGill Present Pain Intensity, trait of anxiety and psychological pain beliefs were observed. The increase in the thresholds of NFR served as an objective marker for improvement in pain status. Further studies need to be done to confirm our preliminary findings.

Pain characteristics and its influence in the labor activities in northeastern Brazilian farmers / Características da dor e sua influência nas atividades laborais em agricultores do nordeste do Brasil

Introduction: Agricultural work is considered a dangerous activity with physical and mental stress. Pain is one of the most common disabilities among agricultural workers. Objective: To determine the incidence, intensity, characteristic of pain and its impact on labor activities in farmers. Methods: Transversal study, pain evaluations consist of: 1) presence / intensity; 2) characteristic of painful experience; 3) episode of pain in the last 30 days and 4) interference of pain at work. Validated and specific pain scales were used, and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: 157 rural farmers were recruited, 128 farmers, 40.4 (11.4) years, participated in the study, 25% of the farmers reported pain at the time of evaluation with mean of 5.5 (0.47) intensity. The predominant pain characteristic was the evaluative type (34%), followed by affective (30%), 83 (65%) of farmers reported pain in the last four weeks, and 60% of these farmers reported pain interference in work activity. Conclusion: Pain, according to farmers in this study, is the main cause of absence and poor performance at work. To accurately assess the intensity of work-related pain, instruments may need to be applied over a continuous period of time, preferably during work day. (AU)

Introdução: O trabalho agrícola possui elevada carga de estresse físico e mental. A dor é uma das incapacidades mais relatadas, compreender esse fenômeno e sua interferência no trabalho é fundamental para intervenções eficazes na saúde do trabalhador. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência, intensidade, característica da dor e seu impacto no trabalho em agricultores. Métodos: Estudo transversal, as avaliações da dor contemplaram: 1) presença/intensidade; 2) característica da experiência dolorosa; 3) dor no último mês e, 4) interferência da dor no trabalho. Todas as escalas eram validadas e específicas para cada objetivo e a análise estatística foi descritiva. Resultados: 157 agricultores foram recrutados, participaram 128 agricultores, 40,4 (11,4) anos, 25% dos agricultores referiram dor no momento da avaliação com intensidade média 5,5 (0,47). A característica da dor predominante foi do tipo avaliativa (34%), seguida pela afetiva (30%). 83 agricultores (65%) referiram ocorrência de dor no último mês, e 60% destes relataram interferência da dor no trabalho. Conclusão: A dor, segundo os agricultores, é causadora de ausência e mau rendimento no trabalho. Avaliar com precisão a intensidade da dor relacionada ao trabalho talvez necessite de instrumentos aplicados em um período contínuo no tempo, durante a jornada de trabalho. (AU)

Chronic pelvic pain portraits: perceptions and beliefs of 80 women / Retratos da dor pélvica crônica: percepções e crenças de 80 mulheres

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Because of its expressive prevalence and difficult clinical management, chronic pelvic pain is an important cause of morbidity, disability, and reduction of quality of life in women. Psychological factors influence the perception of pain and can interfere in the medical approach, justifying the application of projective tools, such as the pain portrait, previously not applied in women with chronic pelvic pain. The objective of this study was to obtain a greater clarification about the psychological component in the assessment of the chronic pelvic pain by applying the pain portrait in women with chronic pelvic pain. METHODS: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study conducted with 80 women with chronic pelvic pain. It was applied a pre-structured interview to collect sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data. The pain portrait was applied to investigate the perceptions and beliefs about pain. The drawings were classified by content analysis and consensus among the authors. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 39.40±9.21 years, average pain intensity of 7.03±2.58 and average pain duration of 8.84±7.65 years. The main portraits referred to negative feelings (37.50%), harmful instruments (33.75%) and geometric forms (25%), with a predominance of cold colors (63.70%). More than 60% of the participants put hope only in medical procedures, while 25% believed that there was no solution to their pain. CONCLUSION: Women represented their chronic pelvic pain in an affective way, with the use of few and cold colors. They considered themselves having a passive role in their treatment and related their pain to family losses.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Por sua expressiva prevalência e difícil manuseio clínico, a dor pélvica crônica é importante causa de morbidade, incapacidade e redução da qualidade de vida em mulheres. Fatores psicológicos podem influenciar a percepção da dor e interferir na abordagem médica, justificando a aplicação de recursos projetivos, como o retrato da dor, anteriormente não aplicado em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. Objetivou-se trazer maior esclarecimento sobre a influência do componente psicológico na avaliação da dor pélvica crônica, por meio da aplicação do retrato da dor em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal exploratório realizado com 80 mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. Utilizou-se de entrevista pré-estruturada para coletar dados sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínicos e, para investigar percepções e crenças sobre a dor, aplicou-se o retrato da dor. Os desenhos foram avaliados e classificados por meio de análise de conteúdo e consenso entre os autores. RESULTADOS: As participantes tinham média de idade de 39,40±9,21 anos, intensidade álgica média de 7,03±2,58 e duração média de 8,84±7,65 anos. Os principais retratos remetiam a sentimentos negativos (37,50%), instrumentos lesivos (33,75%) e formas geométricas (25%), com predomínio de cores frias (63,70%). Mais de 60% das participantes depositavam esperança apenas em procedimentos médicos, enquanto 25% delas acreditavam não haver solução para sua dor. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres retrataram sua dor pélvica crônica de modo afetivo, com uso de poucas cores e cores frias. Consideraram-se em papel passivo no tratamento, além de relacionar a sua dor a perdas familiares.

painDETECT Questionnaire Filipino version: Transcultural adaptation and validation in two widely spoken regional languages (Tagalog and Cebuano)

@#Background & Objective: Chronic pain impacts the quality of life of patients, with neuropathic pain causing profound negative sequelae. Assessment of pain whether nociceptive or neuropathic is important to provide appropriate treatment. The objective of this study is to translate and validate the pain-DETECT Questionnaire (PDQ) to two widely spoken regional languages in Filipino. Methods: The PDQ, a self-administered questionnaire, was translated from English into the Filipino version, painDETECT Tagalog (PDQ-Tag) and painDETECT Cebuano (PDQ-Ceb). One hundred Filipino patients suffering from pain for at least three months were recruited in the out-patient clinics of a hospital and completed the questionnaire. The investigators, blinded to the subjects PDQ-Tag and PDQ-Ceb scores, examined the subjects using the standard clinical and neurological examination. The PDQ-Tag and PDQ-Ceb, scores were validated. Both questionnaires were administered to the same patient twice, two days apart by the same investigator. Results: Seventy subjects completed the (PDQ-Tag) and thirty subjects the (PDQ-Ceb). The sensitivity and specificity of PDQ-Tag were both 80% for an upper limit cut-off value of ≥ 17. The sensitivity and specificity of PDQ-Ceb were 62.5% and 80% respectively, for an upper limit cut-off value ≥ 18.0. Both questionnaires were reliable [Cronbach’s alpha coefficient: 0.78 (PDQ-Tag) and 0.70 (PDQ-Ceb), good test-retest stability with intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.93 for PDQ-Tag and 0.99 for PDQ-Ceb]. Cohen’s kappa were 0.64 and 0.61 for PDQ-Ceb and PDQ-Tag respectively, with P value<0.001 indicating a significant agreement on the assessment of neuropathic pain. Conclusion: PDQ-Tag and PDQ-Ceb are reliable and valid self-administered screening tools to detect neuropathic pain among Filipinos.

Nursing students' knowledge about pain assessment / Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de enfermagem sobre a avaliação da dor

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The difficulty of the nursing staff in assessing pain, the low adherence to the registry of pain and the quality reported in other studies brings the need to assess the related factors and one of them can be the lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of nursing students about pain assessment. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study, conducted in a Higher Education School in Aracaju, Brazil. The sample was composed of 169 nursing students over the last period of graduation. The data were obtained through a form that contained sociodemographic information, questions about pain assessment, and knowledge sources used. RESULTS: The scales to assess pain in children and in adults are known by 70 and 66% of the students, respectively. They reported that pain assessment and the incorrect pain treatment may impair the clinical picture and aggravate the disease, both in the child (17.2%) and the adult (15.4%). The rate of correct answers about pain assessment ranged from 26.6 to 87%. Most of them use articles to gain knowledge about pain (56.2%). The fact of having already used a scale to assess the patient's pain (p=0.045) showed significant differences in the average of hits. CONCLUSION: Nursing graduates are aware of the existence of scales to assess pain, but they do not have the ability to perform them. The prior use of scales promotes learning. The lack of knowledge about pain impacts on the patient's health.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dificuldade da equipe de enfermagem em avaliar a dor, a baixa adesão ao registro de dor e a sua qualidade relatada em outros estudos, faz surgir a necessidade de avaliar os fatores relacionados, podendo ser um deles a deficiência de conhecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre a avaliação da dor. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, desenvolvido em uma instituição de ensino superior em Aracaju, SE, Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 169 acadêmicos de enfermagem do último período da graduação. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de formulário que continha questões sociodemográficas, perguntas sobre a avaliação da dor e as fontes de conhecimento utilizadas. RESULTADOS: As escalas para avaliação da dor na criança e no adulto são conhecidas por 70 e 66% dos acadêmicos, respectivamente. Eles relataram que a avaliação e o tratamento inadequado da dor podem prejudicar o quadro clínico e agravar a doença tanto na criança (17,2%) quanto no adulto (15,4%). O índice de acertos sobre a avaliação da dor variou entre 26,6 e 87%. A maioria deles utiliza artigos para adquirir conhecimento sobre a dor (56,2%). Já ter utilizado escala para avaliação da dor do paciente (p=0,045) apresentou diferenças significativas na média de acertos. CONCLUSÃO: Os formandos de enfermagem sabem da existência das escalas para avaliação da dor, porém não possuem habilidade para executá-las. A utilização prévia de escalas favorece o aprendizado. O baixo conhecimento quanto à dor repercute na saúde do paciente.

Reliability and validity of nociception coma scale-revised (NCS-R) in patients with disorders of consciousness / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To assess the pain of patients with disorders of consciousness(DOC) and e-valuate the reliability and validity of Chinese version of Nociception Coma Scale- revised ( NCS-R). Meth-ods Sixty-two patients with disorders of consciousness were assessed by NCS-R and the internal reliability, inter-rater reliability,test-retest reliability and concurrent validity was analyzed. Results Cronbach's alpha (α) of internal reliability was 0. 611, test-retest reliability for the NCS-R total scores by spearman was 0. 884. For the subscales,the reliability for the motor,verbal and facial subscale scores by Cronbach's kappa were 0. 856,0. 870 and 0. 856 respectively. Inter-rater reliability for the NCS-R total scores by spearman was 0. 662. For the subscales,the reliability for the motor,verbal and facial subscale scores by Cronbach's kappa were 0. 962,0. 867 and 0. 671 respectively. The spearman coefficient of concurrent validity was 0. 560 (all P<0. 01). Conclusion The NCS-R is a good valid scale and available for Chinese clinician and researchers to assess the pain of DOC patients.

Effect of aspiration and non-aspiration of syringe prior to intramuscular administration of influenza vaccine in pain perception of children 9 to 15 years of age consulting at the out-patient department of a tertiary government hospital

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the effect of aspiration and non-aspiration of syringe prior to intramuscular administration of influenza vaccine in pain perception of children 9 to 15 years of age consulting at the Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Government Hospital.@*DESIGN@#Randomized controlled clinical Trial@*SETTING@#Out Patient Department of a Tertiary Government Hospital@*PARTICIPANTS@#One-hundred twenty children 9 to 15 years old consulting at the Out Patient Department.@*METHODOLOGY@#Subjects were randomized into two groups and were given influenza vaccine with and without aspiration prior to intramuscular injection.@*OUTCOME MEASURES@#Primary outcome measure is the degree of pain experienced by the subject using the Numeric Rating Scale.@*RESULTS@#A total of one hundred twenty children were randomized to either Group A or Group B. IBMSPSS version 21 was used as statistical software. Differences in mean heart rate at baseline and after the intervention within group is significantly different (p value < 0.01). Mean heart rate in between group at baseline and after administration of influenza vaccine is not significantly different ( p value >0.05). The difference in mean oxygen saturation at baseline and after immunization within group is significantly different. Mean oxygen saturation between group pre and post immunization is not statistically different (p value 0.309). Analysis showed there is a significant difference in mean pain scores between Group A and Group B ( p value 0.046)@*CONCLUSION@#This study showed a statistically significant lower pain score for Group A (without aspiration) than Group B (with aspiration). The physiological pain responses, used as outcome measures in this study did not have significant differences between two groups. The result of this study will unleash in health care professionals the burden on whether or not to aspirate before intramuscular administration of vaccine.

Pain insensitivity in a child with a de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of the chromosome 4: Case report / Insensibilidad al dolor en un niño con una deleción intersticial de novo del brazo largo del cromosoma 4

Terminal and interstitial deletions of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 4 (Cr4q del) are not common genetic disorders. The severity of the phenotype is correlated with the size of the deletion because small deletions have little clinical impact, whereas large deletions are usually associated with multiple congenital anomalies, postnatal growth failure, and moderate to severe intellectual disability. Alteration in pain tolerance has not been included among these features, also in case of large deletions. The purpose of this report is to document a case of a child affected by interstitial Cr4q del, expressing pain insensitivity as clinical feature not previously described. We also offer a discussion on genetic disorders featuring pain insensitivity/indifference. Case report. A Caucasian girl aged 12 came to our observation for a developmental delay with multiple congenital abnormalities and moderate intellectual disability (IQ 47). A de novo interstitial Cr4 del between band q31.3 and q32.2 (Cr4 del q31.3 to q32.2) was found. The child also expresses no evidence of pain perception to injures which normally evoke pain. Consequently, she is affected by severe disability caused by painless injuries and self-injurious behaviours, such as excessive self-rubbing and scratching. The neurological examination manifested high pain threshold with preserved tactile sensitivity. Conclusions. This is the first report of pain insensitivity in a patient with a specific genetic deletion involving the interstitial region of the distal long arm of Cr4. Moreover, this report could serve as a useful model to better understand mechanisms of pain perception and its modulation.

Correlação entre as escalas analógica visual, de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne na avaliação de dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral / Correlation between visual analog scales, Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne in the evaluation of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy

Objetivou-se correlacionar a necessidade de resgate analgésico pós-operatório por meio das escalas analógica visual (EVA), de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne, por meio de um avaliador experiente (AE) e outro não experiente (ANE), em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total. Foram utilizadas 24 cadelas, hígidas, internadas 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, para avaliação do seu comportamento, com o auxílio das escalas descritas acima no momento basal (M0). Foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina e morfina (0,02 e 0,5mg/kg) e induzidas à anestesia geral com propofol (4mg/kg), mantidas em plano anestésico com CAM de isoflurano 1%. A manutenção analgésica transoperatória foi realizada com cetamina e fentanil (10µg/kg/min e 10µg/kg/h). As demais avaliações ocorreram em uma, duas, quatro, seis, oito, 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, sendo os resgates realizados com morfina (0,5mg/kg), pela via intramuscular, quando fosse observada uma pontuação maior ou igual a 50, seis, dois e nove pontos, respectivamente, para as escalas descritas, quando observada pelo AE e quando ao menos duas das escalas demonstrassem esses valores. Houve aumento dos escores de dor do M1 ao M12 para o AE e para o ANE para a EVA. Na análise de Colorado, maiores pontuações de dor ocorreram em relação ao M0 entre o M2 e o M8 para o AE e do M1 ao M12 para o ANE. Na análise de Glasgow, maiores escores foram detectados entre o M1 e o M12 para o AE e do M1 ao M24 para o ANE. E para a de Melbourne, maiores valores foram observados do M1 e do M24 para o AE e o ANE. A melhor correlação entre as escalas foi de 0,775 entre Glasgow e Colorado e entre os avaliadores de 0,925 para a Glasgow. Conclui-se que a escala de Glasgow apresentou-se mais sensível para detectar resgates analgésicos em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral, que a inexperiência do avaliador não compromete a qualidade das avaliações de dor e sugere-se reduzir a pontuação da EVA e Melbourne para aumentar a sua capacidade em detectar resgates analgésicos pós-operatórios.(AU)

The objective was to relate the need for analgesic postoperative recovery through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne, by an experienced assessor (AE) and other non-experienced ones (ANE), in bitches undergoing total unilateral mastectomy. Otherwise healthy bitches, a total of 24, were admitted 24 hours before the surgical procedure for assessment of behavior with the help of the above scales to determine the baseline (M0) moment. They were pre-medicated with morphine and acepromazine (0,02 and 0,5 mg/kg) and general anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane at 1% MAC. The analgesic during surgery was maintained with ketamine and fentanyl (10 µg/kg/min and 10 µg/kg/h). The other evaluations were performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, and redemptions made with intramuscular morphine (0,5 mg/kg) when a greater than or equal score of 50, 6, 2 and 9 points was observed respectively for the described ranges, as observed by the AE and when at least two scales demonstrated these values. There was an increase of M1 to M12 pain scores for AE and the ANE for VAS. In Colorado analyses, the highest painful scores occurred in relation to M0 between M2 and M8 to the AE and M1 to M12 for ANE. In Glasgow analyses, higher scores were detected between M1 to M12 for AE and M1 to M24 for ANE. And for the Melbourne highest values were observed in M1 and M24 for AE and ANE. The best correlation between the scales was 0,775 between Glasgow and Colorado and of the evaluators of 0,925 to Glasgow. The Glasgow scale was shown to be more sensitive to detect painkiller redemptions in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy, the inexperience of the appraiser does not compromise the quality of painful reviews, and it is suggested to reduce the score VAS and Melbourne to increase it is ability to detect rescue postoperative analgesics.(AU)